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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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ICSU/SCOPE Review of Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War
- Gilbert F. White
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- Environmental Conservation / Volume 11 / Issue 2 / Summer 1984
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- 24 August 2009, pp. 182-183
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Impounded Rivers: Perspectives for Ecological Management, by Geoffrey E. Petts. (A Wiley-Interscience Publication in the Series: Environmental Monographs & Symposia, Convener & Gen. Ed. Nicholas Polunin.) John Wiley & Sons, Chichester–New York–Brisbane–Toronto–Singapore: xvii + 326 pp., numerous figures & tables, 23 × 15 × 2 cm, hard cover, £24.50 or $36.95, 1984.
- Gilbert F. White
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- Environmental Conservation / Volume 12 / Issue 4 / Winter 1985
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- 24 August 2009, p. 380
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Sixth General Assembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions' Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), held in Washington, DC, USA, during 9–13 September 1985
- Gilbert F. White
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- Environmental Conservation / Volume 13 / Issue 1 / Spring 1986
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- 24 August 2009, p. 82
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Proposed World Water Council
- Gilbert F. White
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- Environmental Conservation / Volume 22 / Issue 2 / Summer 1995
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- 24 August 2009, p. 176
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SCOPE: The First Sixteen Years*
- Gilbert F. White
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- Environmental Conservation / Volume 14 / Issue 1 / Spring 1987
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- 24 August 2009, pp. 7-13
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Understanding of processes of change in the global environment comes from analysis of evidence that spans the boundaries between nations and between disciplines. Scientists are obliged to work across those boundaries in a variety of ways if they are to arrive at reasonably accurate judgements as to what is known or not known about the alterations that are taking place in the air, water, soil, and biota, of the Earth. One of the devices which they have used since 1969 is the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE).
Statement on Global Life-support Systems
- Gilbert F. White, Mostafa K. Tolba
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- Environmental Conservation / Volume 6 / Issue 2 / Summer 1979
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- 24 August 2009, p. 88
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The time is ripe to step up and expand current efforts to understand the great interlocking systems of air, water, and minerals, that nourish the Earth. This is essential for a reliable assessment of the opportunities for enhancing food production on land and sea. Moreover, without vigorous action towards that goal, nations will be seriously handicapped in trying to cope with proven and suspected threats to ecosystems, and to human health and welfare, resulting from alterations in the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, and related materials.
World Environmental Trends Between 1972 and 1982
- Martin W. Holdgate, Mohamed Kassas, Gilbert F. White
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- Environmental Conservation / Volume 9 / Issue 1 / Spring 1982
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- 24 August 2009, pp. 11-29
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The United Nations General Assembly has instructed the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme to keep the world environmental situation under review. In 1982, 10 years after the UN Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm, the first comprehensive report on the state of the global environment is being published. The present paper, by the Editors of that Report, summarizes its main findings. It first reviews changes in the sectors of The Biosphere (while recognizing that the interlinkages between them have been stressed increasingly during the past decade), before turning to the human components of the total Man—environment system.
In the atmosphere, rising carbon dioxide concentrations, acidification of rain and snow in or by industrial regions, and stratospheric ozone depletion, remain the chief concerns, although the last has not yet been demonstrated instrumentally. In the oceans, pollution (including oil) has not been shown to have more than a local impact on ecosystems, and overall fishery yields have continued to rise slowly and erratically despite some overexploitation. The world's freshwater resources are better known than in 1970, and pollution control and the prevention of problems in irrigated agriculture have advanced; but the targets of the Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade appear less attainable as time passes. Mineral production rose without a concomitant increase in environmental damage. Changes in terrestrial life—especially loss of tropical forests—were the subject of widely varying estimates. Food production rose, but fell short of needs in many areas, while desertification, waterlogging, salinization, pest-resistance, post-harvest crop-losses, and the side-effects of agricultural chemicals, remained serious problems.
The dominance of the human element in the Manenvironment system was increasingly recognized during the decade. Human population growth slowed somewhat, except in Africa, although the world total passed 4,400 millions in 1980. The cities of the developing world expanded rapidly, outstripping public services and threatening new problems. In the Third World, infectious and parasitic diseases remained major killers, whereas hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cancers—some due to self-inflicted influence—dominated the statistics in developed nations: environmental factors remained important in both. The 1970s showed that industrial growth could occur without environmental damage or unacceptable cost. The energy crisis of 1974 had a serious impact on developing countries with strategies based on cheap oil, and firewood shortages led to severe environmental problems there also: in contrast, many developed countries were able to adjust their energy plans with only moderate difficulty.
Transport and international tourism grew dramatically during the decade, consuming energy and land, and inspiring countermeasures to curb pollution, increase safety, and avoid social and environmental disturbances in areas that were frequented by many visitors. Environmental education schemes expanded—especially in developed countries, where the coverage of environmental issues in popular media grew dramatically between 1960 and 1970, falling back subsequently. The environmental impact of past wars and increasing military preparations caused concern, and the arms race continued to absorb resources that developing countries could ill afford.
Reviewing the decade, four dominant trends can be recognized. First, scientific and popular interest in environmental protection have come together to form a new kind of conservation movement. Second, there has been a data explosion in the environmental field, but much of the information is of limited value in assessing trends or as a foundation for decisions and actions. Third, new understanding of the structure and functioning of environmental systems offers a prospect of more reliable planning. Fourth and finally, it has become apparent that the lack of social organization, education, training, and political will, are commonly the limiting factors in environmental improvement, rather than a shortage of scientific knowledge.
A Perspective of Environmental Pollution, by M. W. Holdgate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge–London–New York–Melbourne: x + 278 pp., illustr., 23 × 15 × 1.5 cm, £5.00, 1979.
- Gilbert F. White
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- Environmental Conservation / Volume 8 / Issue 1 / Spring 1981
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- 24 August 2009, p. 84
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Water for Life
- Water Management and Environmental Policy
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, Gilbert F. White
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- 05 October 2013
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- 16 October 2003
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Successful water management is crucial for the proper operation of natural environmental systems and for the support of human society. These two aspects are interdependent, but decisions about one are often made without regard to effects upon the other. A persistent challenge is to consider them together. This book fully analyzes the relationship between water management, environmental conditions and public policy. It combines a careful review of the character and evolution of water management and evaluates management from the standpoint of the quality of the natural environment. Topics covered include domestic and industrial water supply and waste disposal, groundwater use, river channel and floodplain management, and integrated river basins. The processes of social decision-making are examined against a backdrop of plant-soil-water-ecosystem relationships and ecosystem change. Examples are drawn from around the world, from local watershed management to international river basin planning, with emphasis on integrative approaches.
1 - Water and Life
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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- Water for Life
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Summary
THE ROLE OF WATER IN THE LIFE OF ECOSYSTEMS AND OF PEOPLE
The significance of the role of water in the life of planet earth can only be understood fully from analysis of its part in the sustenance of natural environmental systems and in the support of human society. The two aspects are interdependent in the long run, but decisions about one are often made in the short run without regard to effects upon the other, as when a city withdraws stream flow without considering the consequences for fish life, or when wetlands drainage reduces quantity and quality of water for urban use. A persistent challenge is to consider them together. From speculations as to the possible effects of global climate change upon water supply at one extreme of generalization to estimates of the essential daily needs of one isolated family at the other extreme, it is desirable to assess both aspects in relation to each other, as photographs from South and Central Asia in this chapter attest (Figure 1.1).
The problem of viewing the full importance of water on the global scene is introduced by briefly examining the global water budget, how elementary notions of the role of water in global life have evolved, how they at times have been in harmony or in conflict, and how they present themselves in miniature as well as on the world scale.
List of tables
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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- Water for Life
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- 05 October 2013
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- 16 October 2003, pp xii-xiv
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Frontmatter
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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- Water for Life
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- 16 October 2003, pp i-iv
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8 - River channels and floodplains
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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- Water for Life
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- 16 October 2003, pp 139-159
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INTRODUCTION
River channels and their floodplains have a long record of human use, modification, and environmental consequences, e.g., as compared with groundwater (Figure 8.1). A river channel is defined here as any linear depression on the earth's surface that regularly conveys surface runoff from a watershed to a natural outlet in a lake, inland sea, or ocean. This definition excludes ephemeral rills that range in width from millimeters to centimeters on a hillslope (addressed in Chapter 5 on soil moisture where their freshwaters mix with salt waters in estuarine and deltaic coastal environments.
The geographer and regional planner Patrick Geddes (1949) described the human importance of these flows from headwaters through riparian corridors and deltas in a theory known as the “valley section of human civilization.” Geddes hypothesized different patterns of human occupance and resource utilization in the upper, middle and lower reaches of a river valley, and he argued for coordinating these upstream–downstream relationships in a regional approach to planning – an idea subsequently applied by environmental planners like Ian McHarg in the Potomac, Susquehanna, and Delaware rivers in the eastern USA (Spirn, 2000). Although this chapter recognizes a much greater diversity in river forms, processes, and uses, it shares the continuing concern for coordinating human uses, hazards, and management of rivers and floodplains (Figures 8.2 and 8.3).
2 - Challenge and opportunity
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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- Water for Life
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- 16 October 2003, pp 13-25
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The introductory chapter briefly described the state of water management and the natural and social systems principally affected during recent centuries. At the present time the challenge to concerned people is to ask what opportunities there are to recognize wise principles that might be applied in the years ahead to the correction of previous unwise activity and to the guidance of new activity. This chapter reviews the state of global water management at the end of the twentieth century as seen by selected analysts, and summarizes samples of thinking at that time as to policies that should guide further action.
As an aid to appraising both past and future water management it briefly examines the changing criteria for evaluating the effects of such management. General criteria which might guide future choice of policies and technologies are reviewed with attention to specific efforts made by non-governmental, national, and international agencies to specify their definitions of desirable policy. In a general sense, many of those criteria fall into the category of efforts at what is loosely termed “sustainable development.” Because of the range of definitions often employed for those terms, an effort is made to express the various connotations of sustainable development more precisely as they apply to water management. They are then given meaning for the concrete aims of setting the demands for potable water, of meeting food needs, of supplying energy requirements, and of maintaining biodiversity in natural systems.
10 - Domestic and industrial water management
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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Summary
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WATER USE
This chapter appraises the range of methods employed to provide water for domestic and industrial water use and to dispose of their wastes. It considers the effects that each method has on the related ecosystem, and looks ahead toward improved means of coordinating domestic, industrial, and aquatic environmental management.
The focus is on intersections among domestic, industrial, and environmental water management, which may be outlined as follows:
(1) environmental quality, protection, and treatment of source waters for domestic and industrial use;
(2) environmental effects of domestic and industrial withdrawals (e.g., stream and aquifer depletion), taking into account the different effects of consumptive and non-consumptive uses;
(3) environmental effects of domestic and industrial waste discharges (pollution);
(4) environmental value of non-consumptive use reuse, and harmonization of domestic, industrial, and environmental water management.
The first step in addressing these themes is to survey the current range of domestic and industrial water uses, followed by illustrative case studies in the USA and Africa.
Definitions and data problems
Although often grouped together under the heading of municipal and industrial water use, the types, scales, and effects of these non-agricultural uses vary enormously. Domestic water use includes rural as well as municipal users. It refers to uses most immediately associated with basic human needs for drinking, bathing, and washing – and associated household uses for irrigating gardens, washing vehicles, and providing for animals.
4 - Natural waters
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
A logical point of departure for analysis of water management and natural environment would be a description of the natural state of waters worldwide before human alterations of their quantity and quality began to take effect. For a variety of reasons, this is possible only to a very small extent. Any presentation of the natural condition of waters of the globe necessarily must also take account of the magnitude and diversity of ways in which alterations have been taking place independent of human influences, and in which for more than five thousand years humans have changed inputs and outputs. It is difficult to estimate all of those changes accurately. Only a few rough estimates can be made of the truly natural state of the hydrologic cycle worldwide and in the United States, taking account of major components of precipitation, streamflow, groundwater and transpiration, and their chemical and biological quality.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
In simplest terms, the natural waters of the globe may be viewed at any one time as atmospheric moisture plus precipitation plus soil and underground storage plus glaciers and ice fields plus oceans plus moisture stored in or transpired from plants and animals. The concept of a hydrologic cycle has evolved from very simple to very complex (Figure 4.1). There is rich literature in hydrology and hydraulic engineering that defines and examines ways of measuring the various elements in the hydrologic cycle (Chow, 1964; Grigg, 1996; McCuen, 1989).
3 - Unfolding recognition of ecosystem change
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Many of the challenges and opportunities articulated in international water assessments of the 1990s indicated a growing recognition of ecosystem changes generated by human water use. Much knowledge has been gained in recent years about the human effects on aquatic, riparian, estuarine, and groundwater ecosystems. Some effects, such as eradication of native non-commercial fish, purposely accelerated environmental impacts, while others have occurred with little or no recognition until illuminated by scientific or public inquiry (Gosnell, 2001). Assessment of habitat conditions, along with distinctions among levels of species endangerment, has become increasingly refined (IUCN, 2000). But many human effects on aquatic, amphibian, invertebrate, and fish species and their habitats still lie beyond comprehension.
Each year new surprises occur: an amphibious population declines, a waterbird species experiences birth defects, an exotic mollusk invades new waters, a fish disease spreads, an insect disease vector adapts to control methods. With sufficient time, the surprise is recognized, management alternatives are formulated, and actions are taken. For example, the adverse water quality effects of irrigation return flows from pesticide contamination in the Aral Sea basin of Central Asia, like increased selenium concentrations from irrigation return flows to the Kesterson Reservoir of California, have opened up new lines of environmental impact assessment and adjustments in irrigated areas of the world (Ghassemi et al., 1995; Kobori and Glantz, 1998; Micklin and Williams, 1996; NRC, 1989b). Remote sensing and aerial photography provide stark images of those impacts (Figure 3.1).
6 - Groundwater
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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INTRODUCTION
Below the soil water in many continental areas not covered by snow and ice are porous lithosphere formations more or less saturated with groundwater. Those that occur in well-defined forms are commonly referred to as aquifers. These groundwater formations differ tremendously from place to place in at least nine different respects that are discussed below. Together, groundwaters account for a substantial proportion of all freshwater on the globe. They are used in various degrees from either springs or wells by a wide variety of technologies, and their wise use and protection calls for a large range of types of public measure.
It is estimated by Russian hydrologists that approximately 29 percent of the world's freshwater is stored at any one time in aquifers (Shiklomanov, 2000). About 33 percent of that volume is on the Asian continent, 23 percent in Africa, 18 percent in North America, 13 percent in South America, 6 percent in Europe, and 5 percent in Australia. Roughly one-half of the stored groundwater is estimated to be at depths of less than 200 m, and the remainder at depths up to 2000 m.
Around the globe, the actual net withdrawal of groundwater is affected by the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water, and by the particular purpose for which it is used. In areas where the withdrawal exceeds either natural or artificial recharge, aquifers have been drawn down significantly. In some areas they have been largely or entirely exhausted.
12 - Integrative approaches
- James L. Wescoat, Jr, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Gilbert F. White, University of Colorado, Boulder
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REFLECTIONS ON INTEGRATION
Previous chapters have given examples of where water and environmental decisions have been made independently of one another, with unanticipated consequences both for environmental quality and human water use. Each chapter has also examined responses that sought to harmonize specific aspects of water management and environmental policy – in different types of water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and aquifers; and in different types of human action, such as agricultural, domestic, and industrial water use. In several places it is noted how these responses have sought to “integrate” previously separate water uses, management systems, and environmental impacts.
This final chapter reflects more broadly upon integrative approaches to water management and environmental policy, discusses three current examples in watershed management, adaptive environmental management, and global environmental change; and speculates on the prospects for further integration.
In so doing, it builds upon and draws together the findings from earlier chapters. It builds, for example, upon observations in the third chapter about the unfolding recognition of environmental effects of water use, by recalling where and how recognition has contributed to the development of integrative approaches, such as the progression from single purpose/single means to multiple purpose/multiple means water development. Historic experiments with integrated approaches include selected examples of watershed, metropolitan, river basin, and national planning.
The previous chapter on decision making examined how individual and collective processes of choice have addressed increasingly complex situations.